Pneumonia: Key Causes and Symptoms You Need to Know

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that primarily affects the alveolar space, the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. The word pneumonia originated from the Greek word- ‘pneumon’ meaning ‘lung’. So, the word pneumonia is a disease related to the lungs. This infection, caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other pathogens, leads to inflammation and fluid accumulation in the alveoli, disrupting normal lung function. The inflammation impairs the alveoli’s ability to transfer oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide. This results in cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fever, and fatigue. Pneumonia can range from mild to severe, depending on the type of pathogen, the immune response, and the individual’s overall health.

Inflammatory Response: In response to the infection, the body’s immune system activates a defense mechanism, sending white blood cells, particularly neutrophils, to the infected alveolar areas. These immune cells work to neutralize the pathogens, but their presence also contributes to inflammation. As the immune cells fight the infection, they release chemicals that make the blood vessels in the lungs more permeable, allowing more immune cells and fluid to enter the alveoli. This increases the inflammation and thickens the alveolar walls, which further impedes normal lung function. The accumulation of fluid and the inflammatory response lead to the hallmark symptoms of pneumonia, such as fever, chills, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.

At Vishudh Kaya Clinic, we are committed to your well-being, providing specialized care and tailored treatment for pneumonia to ensure a swift recovery and restore your health.”

What are the types of pneumonia?

Pneumonia can be classified according to: –

• Based on Location:
• Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP): Acquired outside healthcare settings, typically caused by common bacteria or viruses like Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza.
• Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP): Develops after 48 hours of hospitalization, often due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): Occurs in patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours, commonly caused by MRSA or Pseudomonas.

• Based on Immune Status:
• Immunocompetent: Patients with normal immune function, typically affected by common bacteria or viruses.
• Immunocompromised: Those with weakened immunity, such as from HIV or chemotherapy, are at higher risk for opportunistic infections like Pneumocystis jirovecii.

• Based on Microbiology:
• Viral Pneumonia: Caused by viruses like influenza or RSV, often less severe.
• Bacterial Pneumonia: Caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, can be severe and require antibiotics.
• Fungal Pneumonia: Often seen in immunocompromised individuals, caused by fungi like Cryptococcus.
• Mycobacterial Pneumonia: Caused by mycobacteria, primarily Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Parasitic Pneumonia: Rare, caused by parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii.

Lobar pneumonia is marked by a single, extensive area of consolidation that involves an entire lobe of the lung.

How can I tell if I have pneumonia versus the common cold or the flu?

Here’s how pneumonia, the common cold, and the flu differ from each other.

Pneumonia: A serious lung infection characterized by severe symptoms such as a persistent cough, chest pain, high fever, difficulty breathing, and extreme fatigue. This condition requires prompt medical attention.

Common Cold: Involves mild respiratory symptoms such as a runny nose, sore throat, and mild cough, without significant breathing difficulties. It generally resolves on its own without medical intervention.

Flu: Presents with more severe symptoms than a cold, including a high fever, body aches, fatigue, cough, sore throat, and sometimes gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea.

If you experience intense or lasting symptoms, it’s important to consult a doctor for a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Symptoms and Causes

SYMPTOMS: Patients with pneumonia typically exhibit a combination of respiratory symptoms and systemic symptoms:

• Respiratory Symptoms:
• Cough: Present in approximately 75% of patients, often persistent, and may produce mucus or phlegm.
• Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea): Seen in about 65% of cases, ranging from mild to severe, as the lungs struggle to provide enough oxygen.
• Sputum Production: Occurs in 30% of patients, with the sputum being thick and possibly discolored (yellow, green, or even bloody).
• Chest Pain: Experienced by roughly 30% of patients, this sharp or stabbing pain is typically worsened by deep breathing or coughing.
• Systemic Symptoms:
• Fever: Common in pneumonia, often accompanied by chills (rigors), as the body’s immune response fights the infection.
• Muscle Pain (Myalgia): Generalized body aches, contributing to the feeling of fatigue and overall malaise.
• Confusion: More common in older adults and those with severe infections, confusion may signal a more serious illness or reduced oxygen supply to the brain.

CAUSES: –

1. Bacterial Pneumonia:

Bacterial infections are one of the most common causes of pneumonia, particularly in adults. Some of the most common bacterial pathogens include:

• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Haemophilus influenza
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Legionella pneumophila

Viral Pneumonia:

Viruses are another common cause, especially in young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems. Common viruses include:

• Varicella-zoster virus (Chickenpox)
• Influenza viruses (Flu)
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV
• Coronaviruses
• Adenoviruses
• Parainfluenza viruses

Fungal Pneumonia:

Fungal infections are more likely to affect individuals with weakened immune systems, and they can be more difficult to treat. Some common fungal pathogens include:

• Aspergillus species

My cobacterial Pneumonia:

Mycobacterial infections can also cause pneumonia, and the most notable pathogen is:

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Parasitic Pneumonia:

Although less common, some parasites can cause pneumonia, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or those living in certain regions. These include:

• Strongyloides stercoralis
• Leishmania species

 Aspiration Pneumonia:

This type of pneumonia occurs when food, liquid, or vomit is inhaled into the lungs, leading to infection. It is more common in individuals with swallowing difficulties or impaired consciousness, such as those with neurological disorders or who are intoxicated.

Other Causes:

• Environmental Exposure: Inhalation of irritants like smoke or chemicals can lead to pneumonia.

• Post-Viral Pneumonia: Following a viral infection like the flu or cold, a secondary bacterial infection can develop in the lungs, leading to pneumonia.

Symptoms of pneumonia in young children

• High fever, is often one of the first signs
• Rapid or labored breathing, sometimes with nasal flaring or retractions
• Persistent cough
• Irritability or fussiness
• Poor feeding or loss of appetite
• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Fatigue and lethargy
• Bluish lips or fingernails (indicating low oxygen levels)

Symptoms of pneumonia in adults

• High fever with chills
• Persistent cough, often producing mucus or phlegm
• Shortness of breath or rapid breathing
• Chest pain, especially when coughing or breathing deeply
• Fatigue and weakness
• Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (less common)

Pathogenesis:

Pneumonia progresses through four stages:

1. Congestion (Hyperaemia):

This phase typically occurs within the first 24 hours of pneumonia and is characterized by:

• Swelling of blood vessels (vascular engorgement)
• The presence of numerous bacteria in the alveoli (air sacs)
• Fluid accumulation within the alveoli. At this point, the lungs are heavy, boggy, and red, with congested capillaries in the alveolar walls. The infection may also spread to the hilum and pleura. Symptoms such as deep breathing and coughing are common, and red blood cells (RBCs) and neutrophils are present in small amounts.

2. Red Hepatization:

A few days after congestion, the red hepatization phase begins. It is characterized by:

• The lungs become red, firm, and airless, resembling the texture of liver tissue.
• Continued vascular congestion and engorgement.
• The alveoli fill with RBCs, neutrophils, fibrin, and desquamated epithelial cells.

3. Gray Hepatization:

In this phase, the lungs appear grey and take on a liver-like consistency due to:

• The breakdown of RBCs
• The formation of fibrinopurulent exudate (a mix of fibrin and pus)
• An increased infiltration of WBCs into the alveoli
• The presence of macrophages, which begin to clean up the infection Gray hepatization starts 2–3 days after red hepatization and can last 4–8 days.

4. Resolution:

Resolution starts around the eighth day and involves:

• The replacement of neutrophils with macrophages efficiently eliminates pathogens.
• The clearing of exudates by the macrophages, sometimes with residual scarring or tissue repair.

This phase marks the resolution of the infection and the beginning of the lung’s recovery process.

Conclusion

What are the risks of chiropractic neck adjustments?

The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) highlights that spinal manipulation is typically safe when carried out by a trained, licensed chiropractor. Chiropractors undergo extensive education and training to ensure they perform spinal adjustments correctly and with minimal risk.
However, some individuals may experience temporary side effects after chiropractic neck adjustments. These can include mild soreness or stiffness in the treated area, similar to the feeling after physical exercise. These effects are usually short-lived and resolve within a day or two. Additionally, some people report feeling tired, lightheaded, or dizzy immediately following a session, although these sensations typically fade quickly as the body adjusts to the changes made during the manipulation.

While such side effects are generally mild and brief, there are a few rare but serious risks associated with spinal manipulation, including:

Cervical artery dissections: This occurs when there is a tear in one of the arteries in the neck, which can lead to a stroke. While extremely rare, it has been linked to neck adjustments in certain instances.

Cauda equina syndrome: This is a medical emergency caused by compression of the nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord. It can lead to serious symptoms such as loss of bladder or bowel control, numbness in the lower body, and weakness in the legs.

Fractures: Though uncommon, fractures can occur if a person has fragile bones, such as those with osteoporosis, or if the spinal manipulation is performed improperly. Those with weakened bones are more prone to such injuries.

Herniated discs: A herniated disc occurs when a disc in the spine is damaged and presses on nearby nerves. Although spinal manipulation is generally safe, it can, in rare cases, lead to a herniated disc, particularly in people who already have underlying disc problems.

While these complications are extremely rare, it’s crucial to discuss any pre-existing medical conditions or concerns with your chiropractor before undergoing spinal manipulation. A thorough health evaluation can help identify any potential risks, ensuring chiropractic care remains a safe option for you.

Is chiropractic safe for neck pain?

Chiropractic care has proven to be a safe, effective, and non-invasive treatment for neck pain. It focuses on spinal adjustments, which help alleviate discomfort, restore proper alignment, and improve mobility. Numerous studies support chiropractic care as a viable option for managing neck pain, whether caused by muscle strain, poor posture, or other musculoskeletal issues.

Key Benefits of Chiropractic Care for Neck Pain:

Spinal Adjustments for Pain Relief: Chiropractic adjustments work by correcting misalignments in the cervical spine. These adjustments relieve pressure on nerves and surrounding tissues, reducing inflammation and providing significant pain relief. This technique is particularly effective for reducing the discomfort caused by joint restrictions or misalignments in the neck.
Improved Mobility and Function: Regular chiropractic treatments help improve joint mobility and restore normal movement in the neck. This results in increased flexibility and a reduction in stiffness, which can improve overall neck function and quality of life.
Non-Invasive, Drug-Free Treatment: Chiropractic care is a non-invasive approach that avoids the need for medication or surgery. Instead of masking the symptoms, chiropractic adjustments address the root causes of neck pain, providing long-term relief without the risk of side effects from drugs or invasive procedures.
Evidence-Based Effectiveness: Clinical studies and trials have consistently found that chiropractic spinal manipulation is an effective treatment for chronic neck pain. Research supports that patients who receive chiropractic care report improvements in pain levels, range of motion, and neck function.
Holistic Approach to Healing: Chiropractors take a holistic approach by focusing on the entire body, not just the neck. This comprehensive care helps improve posture, reduces stress on the spine, and enhances overall musculoskeletal health. By restoring balance in the body, chiropractic care helps prevent future neck pain and other musculoskeletal issues.
Personalized Treatment Plans: Chiropractic care is tailored to each individual’s specific needs. After an assessment, chiropractors create a customized treatment plan that may include spinal adjustments, posture correction, and advice on exercises or lifestyle changes to further improve neck health.
Minimal Side Effects: Most patients experience only mild soreness after chiropractic adjustments, which typically resolves quickly. This makes chiropractic care a safe and gentle treatment option for people seeking relief from neck pain.

How much does a chiropractor cost in Chandigarh at Vishudh Kaya Clinic?

In Chandigarh, the cost of chiropractic treatment typically starts from INR 500 onwards per session, depending on various factors such as the clinic’s location, the chiropractor’s expertise, and the type of treatment required. Clinics offering basic consultations or general adjustments may have lower starting costs, while advanced therapies or specialized treatments with highly experienced practitioners are priced at the higher end. The total cost can also vary based on the complexity of the condition being treated, with chronic issues often requiring multiple sessions. To manage these costs effectively, it is recommended to explore health insurance plans that include chiropractic care. Many insurance providers now offer coverage for alternative treatments like chiropractic adjustments, especially when prescribed for specific medical conditions. Ensuring insurance coverage can help alleviate the financial burden, making it easier to access ongoing or specialized chiropractic treatments when needed.

How long do I need to see a chiropractor for neck pain?

The frequency of chiropractic visits for chronic neck and back pain depends on your unique condition, the severity of your symptoms, and your chiropractor’s treatment plan.
You may start with more frequent visits, typically 2–3 times a week, to address the pain and begin the healing process. As your condition improves, the frequency can taper off, often reducing to weekly, biweekly, or monthly visits for ongoing management and to prevent future issues.
Your chiropractor will regularly assess your progress and adjust your schedule to suit your specific needs. To enhance treatment, focus on:

• Practicing good posture.
• Staying active with safe exercises.
•  Following prescribed stretches or at-home care routines.

Chiropractic care works best when paired with a holistic approach to health and wellness.

Conclusion

Pneumonia is a lung infection caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It progresses through stages of inflammation, fluid accumulation in the alveoli, and immune responses.

At Vishudh Kaya Clinic, we are dedicated to offering high-quality treatment for pneumonia, ensuring that each patient receives personalized care for a speedy recovery. Our skilled medical team tailored treatment plans to address individual needs. Early detection and effective treatment are crucial in managing pneumonia and avoiding complications. With our focus on patient health, we strive to help you recover quickly and restore your well-being.

Frequently Asked Questions